Table 8: Examples of outbreaks of foodborne disease.

Place/date	Causative organism	Setting	Cases (hospitalized) {deaths}	Food implicated	Factors leading to outbreak	Susceptibility of patients	Reference
Austria, 2006	C.jejuni, C.coli	Tertiary care hospital	7 (0) patients 14 (0) staff	Poultry dishes	Prepared in hospital kitchen, cook-chill system, no HACCP in place	nr	[38]
UK, 2011	C.jejuni, C.coli	Wedding party	40 (0) {0}	Chicken-liver pâté	Undercooked (cooked to 60°C)	nr	[39]
US, 2012	C.jejuni	Community	148 (10) {0}	Unpasteurized milk	No inactivation	No information, median age 31 years range 2-74 years	[40]
USA, 2012	C.jejuni	Community	6 (2) {0}	Chicken liver	Undercooked	nr	[41]
USA, 2001	Clostridium perfringens	Residential care facility for mentally ill	7 (2) {2}	Thanksgiving meal with turkey	Large amount of food prepared well in advance of serving	Deaths associated with constipation resulting from medication	[42]
UK, 2005	Clostridium perfringens	Buffet lunch at event	54 (nr) {n})	Chicken curry	Prepared in a domestic kitchen, not registered with local authority, bulk of cooked curry left to cool at ambient temperature	nr	[43]
USA, 2010	Clostridium perfringens	Psychiatric hospital	43 {3} patients 12 {0} staff	Cooked chicken	Cooked ~24h before serving, not cooled adequately	Deaths associated with impaired intestinal motility	[44]
Germany, 2011	E.coli O104:H4	Community	> 3800 (~800) {> 50}	Raw, sprouted seeds (fenugreek)	Difficult to disinfect before sprouting	nr	[45,46]
USA, 2012	E.coli O157	Schools, day care centres, long-term care facilities	17 (6) {2}	Packaged, salad lettuce	Possible contamination during growth in field	nr	[47]
USA, 2012-2013	E.coli O157	Community	17 (0) {0}	Raw ground beef	Traditional practice, previous reported outbreaks	nr	[48]
Canada, 2008	L.monocytogenes	Community, long-term care facilities, hospital	57{24}	Delicatessen meat	Contaminated meat slicers used during production	41 patients in long-term care facilities or hospital inpatients	[49]
Denmark, 2009	L.monocytogenes	Meals-on-wheels	7 (7) {2}	Sliced beef with sauces and vegetables, intended for microwave cooking by consumer	Beef had been cooked by supplier at a lower temperature than usual	Four patients had cancer, one had systemic lupus erythematosus, three were aged >80.	[50]
USA, 2010	L.monocytogenes	Hospital	10 (10) {5}	Diced celery, often in sandwiches	Probably contaminated in the field	All 10 patients immunocompromised or were receiving corticosteroid steroid or acid-reducing treatment	[51]
USA, 2011 (28 states)	L.monocytogenes	Community	147 (143) {33}	Cantaloupe melon	Contamination during washing and processing of fruits on a single farm. No sanitizing.	86% were aged ≥ 60 years. 88% had potentially immunosuppressive illness or were receiving immunosuppressive therapy.	[52]
Denmark, 2005	Norovirus	Hospital, nursing homes, meals-on-wheels service, restaurant, company canteen	> 1000 (~400) {0}	Imported, frozen raspberry pieces	Probable contamination during growth/harvesting on small farms	nr	[53]
Austria, 2009	Norovirus	Hospital, rehabilitation centre and convalescent home	114 {0} patients and staff affected	Sliced, cold sausage, meat dish with salad, spinach pancake	Contamination by one of five asymptomatic excreters among kitchen staff who prepared food.No HACCP in place	nr	[54]
UK, Norway, France, Sweden, Denmark, 2010	Norovirus	Mainly restaurants	334 (nr) {nr}	Oysters	Probably contaminated in oyster-growing areas and inadequately cooked.	nr	[55]
France, 2012	Norovirus	Nursing home	84 [53 residents, 31 staff] {1}	Raw Oysters	High risk of norovirus contamination of oyster-growing areas. No	nr Initial cases related to consumption of oysters, later cases due to person-to-person transmission	[56]
USA, 2002	S.Enteritidis	Hotel & conference centre	617{0}	Probably contaminated sauces	Sauces prepared by an infected, asymptomatic sous chef	nr	[57]
USA, 2007	S. enterica	Community	396 (108) {3}	Frozen pot pies, chicken, turkey, beef	Possible cross-contamination during production. Instructions given for microwave cooking inadequate to ensure full cooking	Median age of consumers 20 years range 1 month to 97 years.	[58]
Netherlands, 2012	S.Thompson	Community	Confirmed cases 1,149 (39 of 112 cases hospitalised) {4 died} Estimated total cases 23,000 (650) {24}	Smoked salmon	Use of reusable dishes on processing line, dishes were porous and became loaded with the salmonella	Four reported deaths in persons aged 76-91 years.	[59]
USA, 2014	S.Typhimurium, S.Newport	Community	275 (48/141) {1}	Cucumbers	nr	nr	[60]
Canada, 1995	T.gondii	Community	Probably between 2894 and 7718 people affected, of whom 100 showed symptoms	Municipal drinking water	Probable contamination of reservoir by runoff containing oocysts from cat family	nr	[61]
Korea, 1994	T.gondii	Community	3	Raw Boar meat	Tissue cysts liable to be present in boar meat	Healthy adults, 2 lost sight in one eye	[62]
Korea, 1995	T.gondii	Squadron of soldiers	5	Raw pork	Tissue cysts liable to be present in pork	Healthy adults, lymphadenopathy	[62]

nr = not reported