(1) High-risk pregnancy and perverse labor

(2) Fear of pain in NVD

(3) Women's wrong cognitions to delivery mode,

(4) Women's lack of knowledge and unmatched expectations of medical intervention

(5) The tense doctor-patient relationship

(6) Deficits of professional technique

(7) Incomplete health care system

(1) Strengthening prenatal education

(2) Improving professional level of health care professionals

(3) Managing labor process

(4) Strengthening hospital patient communication

(5) Managing personnel and material resources