Study Author (Year)

Ref.

Study Country

Study Design and Duration (M, Y)

Study Setting

Population Age

Total (age ± SD)

n of Male (age ± SD)

n of Female (age ± SD)

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Alqahtani B (2021)

[31]

Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

(Aug, 19-Jun 20)

Community

≥ 60

T: 486 (range 60-89)

M: 317

F: 169

Inc.: ≥ 60 living in Alkharj city.

Exc.: Non-Saudi, unstable disease, or medical condition

Esmayel E (2013)

[36]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

Hospital

≥ 65

T: 100

Inc.: Pre-assessment surgical patients, no chronic diseases or disability.

Exc.: NA

Abou-Raya S (2009)

[37]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

Hospital

≥ 65

T: 83 (69.9 ± 4.5)

M: 41 (69.5 range 65-81)

F: 42 (70.1 range 65-83)

Inc.: Patients with HF defined by an EF ± 40%.

Exc.: Patients with cancer, advanced liver, or renal disease, systemic inflammatory or connective tissue disease, Parkinson’s disease or were on hormonal therapy.

Madbouly K (2017)

[23]

Saudi Arabia              

Cohort Study

(2012-2014)

Hospital

≥ 60 underwent (Range 60-85) penile prosthesis implantation.

T: 54 (64.9 ± 5.2)

Inc.: Patients with first-time penile prosthesis implantation only

Exc.: NA

Alqahtani BA (2019)

[32]

Saudi Arabia              

Cross-sectional

(Aug, 19-Jun 20)

Community

≥ 60 living in Riyadh region

T: 47 (70 ± 4)

M: 31

F: 16

Inc.: NA

Exc.: Any acute illness, unstable health problems that would impair the ability to complete the outcomes measures.

Alqahtani BA (2020)

[33]

Saudi Arabia              

Cross-sectional

(Apr, 19-Nov, 19)

Outpatient clinic

≥ 65 visit the Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Hospital

T: 84 (72 ± 4.7)

M: 61

F: 23

Inc.: 65 years of age or older, and able to walk independently.

Exc.: Unable to communicate to answer question.

Boules C (2013)

[26]

Lebanon

Cross sectional

(Apr, 11-Apr, 12)

Community

≥ 65

T: 1200 (75.3 ± 7.1)

M: 591 (75.7 ± 7.2)

F: 609 (75.0 ± 6.9)

Inc.: Live at home in rural area, no terminal illness, no tube fed.

Exc.: NA

Boules C (2016)

[25]

Lebanon

Cross sectional

(Mar, 11-Mar 12)

Community

≥ 65

T: 1200 (75.7 ± 7.1)

M: 555

F: 665

Inc.: Live at home in rural area, no terminal illness, no tube fed. Participants living in Gaza or Beirut

Exc.: NA

Chakroun-Walha O (2020)

[21]

Tunisia

Cohort                 

Study

(Oct, 17-May, 18)

Hospital

≥ 65

T: 184 (unplanned hospitalization 76.9 ± 7.3)

Discharge at home 74.8 ± 6.9)

M: 91

F: 93

Inc.: ≥ 65 years, presenting at ED during the inclusion period, and consenting participate in the screening, mental disturbance patients are eligible if they accompanied by relatives.

Exc.: Patients with Life -threatening condition, patients need immediate management, patients refuse follow-up phone calls.

El Zoghbi M (2013)

[27]

Lebanon

Cross sectional

(Mar, 12-Jun, 12)

Senior’s home

≥ 65

T: 111 (76.29 ± 8.02)

M: 55 (74.49 ± 1.09

F: 56 (78.05 ± 1.02)

Inc.: Participants who had been admitted for more than four weeks.

Exc.: Participants refuse to participate, or with renal dialysis, or those with MMSE ≤ 14

El Zoghbi M (2014)

[28]

Lebanon

Cross sectional

(Mar, 12-Jun, 12)

Senior’s home

≥ 65

T: 111

M: 55 (74.49 ± 1.09)

F: 56 (78.05 ± 1.02)

Inc.: Participants who had been admitted for more than four weeks.

Exc.: Participants refuse to participate, or with renal dialysis, or those with MMSE ≤ 14

Hakeem FF (2020)

[34]

Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Community & hospital

≥ 60

T: 362 (67.13 ± 6.5)

M: 257

F: 99

Inc.: Participants should be residents of the city of Medina, physically independent.

Exc.: Older adults with communication problems.

Hammami S (2020)

[38]

Tunisia

Cross-Sectional

(Mar, 18-Mar, 19)

Hospital

≥ 65

T: 141

M: 80

F: 61

Inc.: NA

Exc.: Younger than 65, unable to communicate, severe dementia, medical urgencies, or no informed consent.

Hamza SA (2012)

[39]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

Community

NA

T: 80 (67.58 ± 6.27)

M: 32

F: 48

Inc.: NA

Exc.: Medical condition that alter the immune system, previous infection with pneumonia, previously vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine  

Hayajneh AA (2021)

[40]

Jordan

Cross-sectional

(2016- 2016)

Community

≥ 60, Jordanian

T: 109 (67.57 ± 6.95)

M: 66

F: 43

Inc.: Jordanian, > 60 and above, able to speak Arabic, no known cognitive impairment.

Exc.: NA

Khamis R (2019)

[41]

Lebanon

Cross-sectional

(Feb, 15-Apr, 15)

Community

≥ 65, Lebanese

T: 390 (76.1 ± 7.6)

M: 191

F: 199

Inc.: Residing in urban and rural area of Nabatieh, south Lebanon.

Exc.: Sever cognitive dysfunction, very sick.

Khater MS (2012)

[22]

Egypt

Cohrt Study

(Jan, 9-May, 10)

Senior’s home

≥ 60

T: 84 (71.9 ± 7.2)

M: 36

F: 48

Inc.: Being mobile, cognitively competent to understand and follow the instruction.

Exc.: Subjects with medical or neurological conditions, and participants with MMSE ≤ 24

Mohamed M (2015)

[42]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

Outpatient

clinic

≥ 60

Frail 69.3 ± 7.3

Roubest 64.9 ± 4.5

T: 100

Inc.: NA

Exc.: Subjects with malnutrition, hypothyroidism,

Liver disease, DM, chronic inflammatory or malignant disease, polytrauma, dementia, back deformity, kyphosis, or limb

Monib S (2021)

[30]

Egypt

Retrospective data analysis

(Jun, 15-Jun, 19)

Hospital

≥ 65, breast cancer

T: 578 (71 ± 3.4)

M: 5

F: 573

Inc.: Presented with symptomatic breast cancer.

Exc.: ≤ 65, non-symptomatic, previous breast cancer, local recurrence, or metastasis 

Rasheedy D (2021)

[43]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

(Oct, 16-Sep, 18)

Hospital

≥ 60

T: 206 (69.45 ± 7.80)

M: 98 (69.30 ± 8.05)

F: 108 (69.58 ± 7.60)

Inc.: Admitted to the geriatric department.

Exc.: NA

Alqahtani B (2021)

[35]

Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

(Jan, 18-Sept, 18)

Outpatient clinic

≥ 65 (69.9 ± 6.2)

T: 270

M: 167

F: 94

Inc.: The ability to walk independently within the household with or without assistive device.

Exc.: Cognitive impairment (MMSE ≤ 24), medical condition that could affect participation, unable to read or understand Arabic.

Aly (2020)

[44]

Egypt

Cross sectional

(Jun, 18-Apr, 19)

Hospital

≥ 60

T: 300 (70.7 ± 8.3)

F: 130 (frail)

Inc.: Female and frail

Exc.: Moderate or severe dementia, and catheterized patients

Rasheedy D (2021)

[45]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

Hospital

Total- 82

Phase (1) 20 (M: 11, F: 9)

Phase (2) 50 (M: 24, F: 26)

Phase (3) 12 (M: 8, F: 4)

Age (± SD):

Phase (1) (67.6 ± 6.12)

Phase (2) (65.02 ± 4.46)

Phase (3) (66.5 ± 9.82)

Inc.: Able to read and write in Arabic, cognitively intact, no visual and hearing impairment.

Exc.: Illiterate patients, dementia, visual and hearing impairment

Atta Saudi AR (2021)

[46]

Egypt

Cross-sectional

(Jan, 18-Jun, 19)

Outpatient clinic

≥ 60

T: 404 (66.5 ± 4.9)

M: 215

F: 189

Inc.: Agreed to participate and able to answer the questionnaires.

Exc.: Subjects with Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and depression

Shokry MM (2021)

[29]

Egypt

Case control

(Mar, 19-Dec, 19)

Hospital

≥ 60 type 2 DM

T: 88 (range 66-80)

M: 32

F: 56

Inc.: Patients with type 2 DM, agreed to participate.

Exc.: Refused to participate

Tawfik HM (2021)

[24]

Egypt

Cohort study

(Oct, 18-Jun, 19)

Hospital

≥ 60

T: 180

M: 137

F: 43

Inc.: Patients underwent elective cardiac surgery.

Exc.: Patients undergoing emergent or urgent operation, anemic patients, neurologic or orthopedic problem, sever cognitive impairment

Daou T (2022)

[47]

Lebanon

Cross-sectional

(Sep, 19-Feb, 20)

Community

≥ 65

T: 112

Non-frail: 96

Frail: 16

Inc.: ≥ 65, able to understand Arabic, living independently at home.

Exc.: Reported sever neurological or psychiatric disorders, suspected cognitive impairment, unable to walk independently, or using canes, history of bilateral hip replacements, any event in the last year which had a substantial impact on dietary intake and cognitive function (including death or illness of a family member), and currently diagnosed cancer patients