Study Author (Year)

Ref.

Frailty measurement tool

Description of the tool

Categories of the frailty measurement

Results of frailty measurement

Alqahtani B (2021)

[31]

Fried phenotype

Weight loss, weak grip strength, exhaustion, slow gait speed, and low physical activity

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (≥ 3)

Non-frail-31.2%

Pre-frail-47.3%

Frail- 21.4%

Esmayel E (2013)

[36]

Fried phenotype

Weight loss, weak grip strength, exhaustion, slow gait speed, and low physical activity

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (≥ 3)

Non-frail-36

Pre-frail-35

Fail-29

Abou-Raya S (2009)

[37]

Modified Fried

Weight loss, exhaustion, walking speed, and grip strength, has a range of 0-4 with higher score indicating greater frailty

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1)

Frail (2-4)

Non-frail

27.7% (CHF)

56% (control)

Pre-frail

43.3% (CHF)

46% (control)

Frail

29% (CHF)

 0% (control)

Madbouly K (2017)

[23]

CSHA mFI

Based on the theory of “accumulating deficits”, represents the ratio of the number of parameters present to the total number of parameters assessed.

frailty score (0) no risk factors frailty score (1) those having all the 11risk factors

Average mFI (0.14 ± 0.08)

Alqahtani BA (2021)

[32]

Fried’s frailty phenotype

Unintentional wight loss, exhaustion, slowness, weakness, low physical activity. Each criterion assigned a score of 0 or 1

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (≥ 3)

Non-frail 32.9%

Pre-frail 37.7%

Frail 29.2%

Alqahtani BA (2021)

[33]

TFI

15 selfs reportent questions

8 physical domaines

4 psychological domaines

3 social domaines

Score 0-15

≥ 5 indicate frailty

higher score indicating frailty

Non-frail 72%

Frail 28%

Boules C (2013)

[26]

SOF frailty Index

Involuntary wight loss, inability to rise from a chair without using arms, and reduced energy level for at least 3 days during the past week.

Robust (0)

Pre-frail (1)

Frail (≥ 2)

Non-frail 33.2%

Pre-frail 30.4%

Frail 36.4%

Boules C (2016)

[25]

Two measurements: SOF and frailty Index

Involuntary wight loss, inability to rise from a chair without using arms, and reduced energy level for at least 3 days during the past week. 

Robust (0)

Pre-frail (1)

Frail (≥ 2)

Non-frail 371

Pre-frail 341

Frail-408

Chakroun-Walha O (2020)

[21]

ISAR

Brief screening tool includes six items representing frequently observed problems in older adults at ED

Those with a score

≥ 2 out of 6 are considered “at risk” of adverse outcomes

Unplanned hospitalization 3.4 ± 1.8

Discharge at home 2.2 ± 1.6

El Zoghbi M (2013)

[27]

SOF frailty Index

Not stated

Non-frail (0)

Intermediate (1)

Frail (2)

Association with MMSE

Non-frail 24.32 ± 3.64

Intermediate 22.63 ± 4.2

Frail 22.45 ± 4.57

El Zoghbi M (2014)

[28]

SOF frailty Index

Maximum score of 3 indicates frailty

Non-frail (0)

Intermediate (1)

Frail (≥ 2)

Non-frail- 28

Intermediate- 41

Frail- 42

Hakeem FF (2020)

[34]

Fried phenotype

Weight loss, weak grip strength, exhaustion, slow gait speed, and low physical activity

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Fail (≥ 3)

Non-frail- 36

Pre-frail- 35

Frail- 29

Hammami S (2020)

[38]

Fried phenotype and frailty Index

FI include 34 defecit of multiple system. FI is the number of participant’s deficits divided by the total FI number.

FP: unintentional wight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed, and low physical activity. 

FI:

Non-frail

Frail

FP:

Pre-frail

frail

FP: 20.8%

FI: 43.5%

Hamza SA (2012)

[39]

SEGAm

The maximum score is 26 points, each item scored as 0 (most favorable state), 1, or 2 (least favorable state).

Non-frail (0-8)

Frail (9-11)

Sever-frail (≥ 12)

Non-frail- 50

Frail- 40

Very-frail- 51

Hayajneh AA (2021)

[40]

Fried phenotype

Shrinking, poor endurance, slowness, weakness, and low physical activity

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (≥ 3)

Non-frail- 24

Pre-frail- 36

Frail- 20

Khamis R (2019)

[41]

TFI

8 Physical domains (0-8)

4 physiological (0-4)

3 social (0-3)

Score ≥ 5 indicated frailty

Non-frail- 24

Frail- 85

Frailty total score 7 ± 3.4

Frailty physical domain 3.71 ± 2.33

Frailty psychological 1.95 ± 1.03

Frailty social domain 1.34 ± 0.94

Khater MS (2012)

[22]

GFI

Measuring loss of function in four domains (physical, cognitive, social, and psychological)

GFI total score 0-15

Scor (≥ 4) considered moderate to severe frail

Total frailty score 6.8 ± 3.4

Physical 3.3 ± 2.4

Cognitive 0.1 ± 0.3

Social 2.0 ± 1.0

Psychological 1.4 ± 0.8

Mohamed M (2015)

[42]

SOF frailty Index

The presence of

 ≥ 2: Unintentional wight loss, inability to rise from a chair 5 times without using arms, and exhaustion.

Robust (0)

Pre-frail (1)

Frail (≥ 2)

Robust- 39

Pre-frail- 29

Frail- 16

Monib S (2021)

[30]

SOF frailty Index

The presence of ≥ 2: unintended wight loss,

inability to rise from a chair without using arms, and reduced energy level

Robust (0)

Robust 64.9 ± 4.5

Intermediate (1)

Frail (≥ 2)

frail 69.3 ± 7.3

Frail- 50

Robust- 50

Rasheed D (2021)

[43]

CFS

Not stated               

V fit (1), occasionally active (2), managing well but not dependent (3), managing well but not regularly active (4), mildly frail (5), moderate frail (6), severely frail (7), very severely frail (8), terminally ill (9).

(1 CFS): 269

(2 CFS): 175

(3 CFS): 65

(4 CFS): 11

(5 CFS): 8

(6 CFS): 29

(7 CFS): 14

(8 CFS): 4

(9 CFS): 3

Alqahtani B (2021)

[35]

Fried phenotype

Shrinking, poor endurance, slowness, weakness, and low physical activity

Robust (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (≥ 3)

Non-frail 32.9%

Pre-frail 37.7%

Frail 29.2%

Aly (2020)

[44]

Frail-Arabic

Fatigue, resistance (stairs), illness, ambulation, and weight

Best (0)

Worst (5)

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (3-5)

Non-frail- 6

Pre-frail- 24

Frail- 17

Rasheedy D (2021)

[45]

CFS

The CFS ranges from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill) based on descriptors and pictographs of activity and functional status.

Mildly frail (CFS 5), Moderately frail (CFS 6), Severely frail (CFS 7)

Mild frailty- 88

Moderate-15

Sever- 15

Atta Saudi AR (2021)

[46]

An abbreviated scale compared to CFS

It includes general health survey such as demographic data, chronic and medical condition, and medications

Not stated

Phase (1)- 0

Phase (2)- 18

Phase (3)- 2

Shokry MM (2021)

[29]

CGA and Fried phenotype

Weight loss, weak grip strength, exhaustion, slow gait speed, and low physical activity

Non-frail (0)

Pre-frail (1-2)

Frail (≥ 3)

Non-frail- 186

Pre-frail- 140

Frail- 78

Tawfik HM (2021)

[24]

Fried phenotype

Unintentional wight loss, exhaustion, slowness, weakness, low physical activity. Each criterion assigned a score of 0 or 1

Non-frail

Frail

Non-frail (controlled DM)- 22

Non-frail (uncontrolled DM)-22

Frail (controlled DM)- 22

Frail (uncontrolled DM)- 22

Daou T (2022)

[47]

Multidimensional frailty assessment (Robinson score)

Timed up and go, ADL, cognition, comorbidities, venous blood sample for nutrition and hematocrit, and falls

Non-frail (0-1)

Pre- frail (2-3)

Frail (≥ 4)

Non-frail- 60

Pre-frail- 60

Frail- 60