Characteristic

Dual Sensory Impairment

Hearing Impairment Only

Vision Impairment Only

Neither

p - value

n = 841

n = 1,803

n = 418

N = 1,352

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Claims-Based Variables

Age

< 0.001

   65-69

13.4

16.3

21.8

24.2

   70-74

22.6

26.1

28.5

30.1

   75-79

23.8

22.3

22

22.3

   80-84

15.9

17.4

13.9

13.8

   > 85

24.3

17.9

13.9

9.6

Female

54.2

50.6

68.4

67.5

< 0.001

Income^a

< 0.001

   Low

19.1

12.6

17.5

13.2

   Medium

38.3

38

37.3

35.6

   High

42.6

49.4

45.2

51.3

 Minority status^a

   Low

52.5

56.2

48.1

52.8

0.014

   Medium-High

47.5

43.8

51.9

47.2

 Population Density

< 0.001

   Urban

63.5

69.6

69.9

73.6

   Suburban

19

15.7

18.4

14.9

   Rural

17.5

14.7

11.7

11.5

Geographic Region

   Northeast

22

23.5

25.6

28.4

0.006

   Midwest

19.4

20.4

19.4

17.6

   South

36

33.8

38

34.2

   West

22.6

22.4

17

19.8

First Dollar Coverage Medigap

72.2

72.4

68.6

73

0.388

HCC Score

< 0.001

    < 0.50

15.6

23.1

25.4

32.9

    0.51-1.20

42.7

44.4

45.2

43.5

    1.21-2.80

32.3

26.8

22.7

19.7

    > 2.80

9.4

5.7

6.7

3.9

Diabetes

22.7

21.1

22.2

17.1

0.004

Depression

6.5

5.2

6.5

4.7

0.229

Asthma

7.8

5

5.3

4.6

0.007

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

12

7.7

7.9

5.4

< 0.001

Coronary artery disease

23.2

20.5

18.4

12.8

< 0.001

Congestive heart failure

8.6

6.4

7.4

5

0.008

Atrial fibrillation

15.2

13.4

10.3

9.7

< 0.001

Hypertension

79.1

73.4

72

68

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia

50.5

50.2

46.7

47

0.174

Osteoporosis

9.4

7.8

11.7

11.7

0.002

Overweight or obese

19.3

16.3

18.7

14

0.006

Chronic kidney disease

12.6

9.6

7.4

7.3

< 0.001

Dementia

3.6

2

2.9

1.7

0.02

Survey-Based Variables

Functional status

< 0.001

   Severely limited

42.5

26.2

31

17.7

   Somewhat limited

38.1

34.5

38

35.6

   Not limited

19.4

39.3

31

46.6

Financial stress

41.8

25.6

32.8

22.8

< 0.001

Limited health literacy

16.3

8.7

13

5.4

< 0.001

Loneliness

< 0.001

   Not lonely

39.2

60.1

49.3

66.7

   Moderately lonely

25.8

24.3

26.2

22.2

   Severely lonely

35

15.6

24.5

11.1

Social network

< 0.001

   Limited

41.3

34.7

36.9

28.9

   Moderate

40.5

40.3

41.4

44.8

   Diverse

18.2

25.1

21.7

26.3

Poor sleep

23.6

15

20.8

11.2

< 0.001

Optimism

   Optimistic

35.1

48.2

42.4

56.9

< 0.001

   Neutral

46.2

39.9

44.1

31.7

   Pessimistic

18.7

11.9

13.4

11.4

Falls Risk

76.9

56.5

62.2

41.6

< 0.001

High Resilience

27.6

44.7

37.2

52.5

< 0.001