Table 5: Characteristics of the participants.
Characteristics |
Time 1 |
Time 2 |
t or C |
P |
Age (years): Mean (± SD) |
71.4 (± 6.5) |
76.4 (± 6.5) |
-496.4 |
0.000 |
Gender |
770 (44.5) |
770 (44.5) |
|
|
Male (%) |
||||
Female (%) |
961 (55.5) |
961 (55.5) |
||
Others |
|
|
||
Marital Status |
1245 (71.9) |
1245 (71.9) |
|
|
Married |
||||
Living with a partner |
34 (2.0) |
34 (2.0) |
||
Separated |
16 (0.9) |
16 (0.9) |
||
Divorced |
126 (7.3) |
126 (7.3) |
||
Widowed |
278 (16.1) |
278 (16.1) |
||
Never married |
32 (1.8) |
32 (1.8) |
||
Education |
284 (16.4) |
284 (16.4) |
|
|
< High school |
||||
High school/equivalence |
430 (24.8) |
430 (24.8) |
||
Some college |
544 (31.4) |
544 (31.4) |
||
Bachelors or greater |
473 (27.3) |
473 (27.3) |
||
Ethnicity |
1287 (74.4) |
1287 (74.4) |
|
|
White |
||||
Black |
222 (12.8) |
222 (12.8) |
||
Hispanic |
182 (10.5) |
182 (10.5) |
||
Other |
33 (1.9) |
33 (1.9) |
||
Household Income (USD) |
288 (16.6) |
299 (17.3) |
1175.2 |
0.000 |
0-24,999 |
||||
25,000-49,999 |
371 (21.4) |
366 (21.1) |
|
|
50,000-99,999 |
433 (25.0) |
450 (26.0) |
|
|
100,000 or higher |
192 (11.1) |
201 (11.6) |
|
|
Comorbidity Index |
1.76 (± 1.55) |
1.60 (± 1.60) |
5.49 |
0.000 |
Physical Health |
46 (2.7) |
85 (4.9) |
1046.77 |
0.000 |
Poor |
||||
Fair |
285 (16.5) |
306 (17.7) |
|
|
Good |
561 (32.4) |
590 (34.1) |
|
|
Very good |
599 (34.6) |
569 (32.9) |
|
|
Excellent |
239 (13.8) |
177 (10.2) |
|
|
CES-D scale |
1.40 (± 0.41) |
1.47 (± 0.43) |
-6.95 |
0.000 |
HADS scale |
1.66 (± 0.48) |
1.65 (± 0.47) |
0.97 |
0.333 |
Neighborhood: Mean (± SD) |
|
|
|
|
NSC |
3.50 (± 0.55) |
3.51 (± 0.56) |
-0.71 |
0.477 |
PND |
2.37 (± 0.87) |
2.36 (± 0.88) |
0.88 |
0.379 |
NP |
1.56 (± 0.64) |
1.51 (± 0.59) |
2.71 |
0.007 |
NST |
1.55 (± 0.69) |
1.40 (± 0.70) |
9.55 |
0.000 |
Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, SD: Standard Deviation; USD: U.S. Dollars; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NSC: Neighborhood Social Cohesion; PND: Perceived Neighborhood Danger; NP: Neighborhood Problems; NST: Neighborhood Social Ties.