Table 5: Characteristics of the participants.

Characteristics

Time 1

Time 2

t or C

P

Age (years): Mean (± SD)

71.4 (± 6.5)

76.4 (± 6.5)

-496.4

0.000

Gender

 

770 (44.5)

 

770 (44.5)

 

 

 

 

Male (%)

Female (%)

961 (55.5)

961 (55.5)

Others

 

 

Marital Status

 

1245 (71.9)

 

1245 (71.9)

 

 

Married

Living with a partner

34 (2.0)

34 (2.0)

Separated

16 (0.9)

16 (0.9)

Divorced

126 (7.3)

126 (7.3)

Widowed

278 (16.1)

278 (16.1)

Never married

32 (1.8)

32 (1.8)

Education

 

284 (16.4)

 

284 (16.4)

 

 

< High school

High school/equivalence

430 (24.8)

430 (24.8)

Some college

544 (31.4)

544 (31.4)

Bachelors or greater

473 (27.3)

473 (27.3)

Ethnicity

 

1287 (74.4)

 

1287 (74.4)

 

 

White

Black

222 (12.8)

222 (12.8)

Hispanic

182 (10.5)

182 (10.5)

Other

33 (1.9)

33 (1.9)

Household Income (USD)

 

288 (16.6)

 

299 (17.3)

 

1175.2

 

0.000

0-24,999

25,000-49,999

371 (21.4)

366 (21.1)

 

 

50,000-99,999

433 (25.0)

450 (26.0)

 

 

100,000 or higher

192 (11.1)

201 (11.6)

 

 

Comorbidity Index

1.76 (± 1.55)

1.60 (± 1.60)

5.49

0.000

Physical Health

 

46 (2.7)

 

85 (4.9)

 

1046.77

 

0.000

Poor

Fair

285 (16.5)

306 (17.7)

 

 

Good

561 (32.4)

590 (34.1)

 

 

Very good

599 (34.6)

569 (32.9)

 

 

Excellent

239 (13.8)

177 (10.2)

 

 

CES-D scale

1.40 (± 0.41)

1.47 (± 0.43)

-6.95

0.000

HADS scale

1.66 (± 0.48)

1.65 (± 0.47)

0.97

0.333

Neighborhood: Mean (± SD)

 

 

 

 

NSC

3.50 (± 0.55)

3.51 (± 0.56)

-0.71

0.477

PND

2.37 (± 0.87)

2.36 (± 0.88)

0.88

0.379

NP

1.56 (± 0.64)

1.51 (± 0.59)

2.71

0.007

NST

1.55 (± 0.69)

1.40 (± 0.70)

9.55

0.000

Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, SD: Standard Deviation; USD: U.S. Dollars; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NSC: Neighborhood Social Cohesion; PND: Perceived Neighborhood Danger; NP: Neighborhood Problems; NST: Neighborhood Social Ties.