Is There an Association between Oral Helicobacter pylori and Hypertension , Coronary Artery Disease ?

Half of humanity harbors helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in their stomach [1]. In addition to commonly causing peptic ulcer and gastritis, H. pylori is a major contributor for causing gastric cancer, worldwide the second most common cancer [2]. Gastric cancer patients are at least 80% sero positive for antiH. pylori antibodies and gastric colonization is a well recognized cause of gastric lymphoma [1]. Despite discovery of a gastric etiological basis for H. pylori, there is a secondary issue that should be address (a) Why is the recurrence rate, after the successful eradication of H. pylori in patient’s stomach approximately 13% per year, and (b) Is oral H. pylori involved in the recurrence of gastric infection? The result of our research in oral H. pylori presents evidence supporting the oral cavity as a second colonized site for H. pylori, besides primarily residing in the stomach, which plays a significant role in H. pylori diagnosis, transmission, and treatment [3] as well as non-gut organs H. pylori infection. There are several reports indicated non-gut organs have been harbored of H. pylori, such as vagina [4], nasopharyngeal sinus cavities [5], coronary plaque [6], otitis media [7] and breast [8] beside stomach. The present article was designed to discussion on association of H. pylori with coronary artery and hypertension diseases as well as how to diagnosis and treatments on oral H. pylori infection. Vinutha Shankar et al. reported 40 patients with hypertension and 40 normal controls were included in their study. The presence of H. pylori was confirmed by serological evidence of H. pylori IgG antibodies as estimated by ELISA (> 40 EU/ml considered as positive). 18 subjects with hypertension and 9 controls were positive for H. pylori as per serological evidence. Chi square test revealed that the difference in the number of seropositive cases was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Thus in their study H. pylori infection had significant association with hypertension as compared to controls according author’ version [10]. Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and markers of inflammation, have been reported to be associated with the risk of atherosclerosis related cardiovascular disease. They demonstrated a clinically significant decrease in blood pressure values, in particular in diastolic blood pressure values, after H. pylori eradication in hypertensive patients. They postulated that the possible links between hypertensive disease and H. pylori infection may involve the activation of the cytokine cascade with the release of vasoactive substances from the primary site of infection, or molecular mimicry between the CagA antigens of H. pylori and some peptides expressed by endothelial cells and smooth muscle. There has been a significant increase in subjects with seropositivity to H. pylori in hypertension as compared to normal. The importance of this association of H. pylori infection with hypertension is highlighted by the possibility of an effective intervention against H. pylori infection as the organism can be not easily eradicated using simple & reliable drug regimen. For described reason [8-10], we postulate oral H. pylori involving hypertension diseases, since patient has oral H. pylori infection that may results that H. pylori can swim into artery system of oral cavity. Therefore we suggest to examine H. pylori of oral cavity that not depending the results of urea breath test (UBT C13 or C14). UBT C13 or C14 is a gold standard for diagnosis of stomach H. pylori, but is not so for detection in the mouth. We found that UBT C13 has color blind that see H. pylori in the stomach, but can’t detecting H. pylori in oral cavity. In medical practice, patients with negative results in UBT C13 suggest that their stomach infection of H. pylori is cured. In fact, patients can present negative UBT results and yet exhibit H. pylori infection due to oral infection. The clinical study provides evidence that H. pylori oral infection is nonetheless present. In Asia, more than 90% of the population suffered from oral H. pylori infection but had negative UBT results [11,12]. This study also showed that oral antigen screening test could identify individuals who have no risk for H. pylori gastric infection. It further identified persons with no symptoms but with antigenic evidence of possible oral H. pylori infection who are thus at risk for developing gastric and no-gut disease. This information was not provided by UBT methods Association of H. Pylori with Hypertension Arterial hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis of whose pathogenesis is unknown but had been reported as associated with H. pylori infection. Growing evidence underscores the causative role of endothelial dysfunction with infection. A possible association between H. pylori infection and cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders has been found [9]. The release of cytotoxic substances either of H. pylori origin or produced by the host may represent mediators of autoimmune sequelae. Migneco et al. demonstrated a significant decrease in blood pressure values, in particular in diastolic blood pressure values, after H. pylori eradication in hypertensive patients [7]. They indicated a high prevalence of H.pylori virulence factor CagA (CagA) positivity was found in those patients. The association between cardiovascular disease and H. pylori infection seems pronounced only in CagA-positive patients [10,11]. The possible links between hypertensive disease and H. pylori infection may involve the activation of the cytokine cascade with the release of vasoactive substances from the primary site of infection, or molecular mimicry between the CagA antigens of H. pylori and some peptides expressed by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells [11].

Vinutha Shankar et al. reported 40 patients with hypertension and 40 normal controls were included in their study.The presence of H. pylori was confirmed by serological evidence of H. pylori IgG antibodies as estimated by ELISA (> 40 EU/ml considered as positive).18 subjects with hypertension and 9 controls were positive for H. pylori as per serological evidence.Chi square test revealed that the difference in the number of seropositive cases was statistically significant (p < 0.05).Thus in their study H. pylori infection had significant association with hypertension as compared to controls according author' version [10].Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and markers of inflammation, have been reported to be associated with the risk of atherosclerosis related cardiovascular disease.They demonstrated a clinically significant decrease in blood pressure values, in particular in diastolic blood pressure values, after H. pylori eradication in hypertensive patients.They postulated that the possible links between hypertensive disease and H. pylori infection may involve the activation of the cytokine cascade with the release of vasoactive substances from the primary site of infection, or molecular mimicry between the CagA antigens of H. pylori and some peptides expressed by endothelial cells and smooth muscle.There has been a significant increase in subjects with seropositivity to H. pylori in hypertension as compared to normal.The importance of this association of H. pylori infection with hypertension is highlighted by the possibility of an effective intervention against H. pylori infection as the organism can be not easily eradicated using simple & reliable drug regimen.For described reason [8][9][10], we postulate oral H. pylori involving hypertension diseases, since patient has oral H. pylori infection that may results that H. pylori can swim into artery system of oral cavity.Therefore we suggest to examine H. pylori of oral cavity that not depending the results of urea breath test (UBT C 13 or C 14 ).UBT C 13 or C 14 is a gold standard for diagnosis of stomach H. pylori, but is not so for detection in the mouth.We found that UBT C 13 has color blind that see H. pylori in the stomach, but can't detecting H. pylori in oral cavity.In medical practice, patients with negative results in UBT C 13 suggest that their stomach infection of H. pylori is cured.In fact, patients can present negative UBT results and yet exhibit H. pylori infection due to oral infection.The clinical study provides evidence that H. pylori oral infection is nonetheless present.In Asia, more than 90% of the population suffered from oral H. pylori infection but had negative UBT results [11,12].This study also showed that oral antigen screening test could identify individuals who have no risk for H. pylori gastric infection.It further identified persons with no symptoms but with antigenic evidence of possible oral H. pylori infection who are thus at risk for developing gastric and no-gut disease.This information was not provided by UBT methods

Association of H. Pylori with Hypertension
Arterial hypertension is a risk factor for atherosclerosis of whose pathogenesis is unknown but had been reported as associated with H. pylori infection.Growing evidence underscores the causative role of endothelial dysfunction with infection.A possible association between H. pylori infection and cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders has been found [9].The release of cytotoxic substances either of H. pylori origin or produced by the host may represent mediators of autoimmune sequelae.Migneco et al. demonstrated a significant decrease in blood pressure values, in particular in diastolic blood pressure values, after H. pylori eradication in hypertensive patients [7].They indicated a high prevalence of H.pylori virulence factor CagA (CagA) positivity was found in those patients.The association between cardiovascular disease and H. pylori infection seems pronounced only in CagA-positive patients [10,11].The possible links between hypertensive disease and H. pylori infection may involve the activation of the cytokine cascade with the release of vasoactive substances from the primary site of infection, or molecular mimicry between the CagA antigens of H. pylori and some peptides expressed by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells [11].

HPS Technology
In order to know and how to use H. pylori antigen test (HPS) to diagnosis of oral H. pylori in the patients with hypertension but no effective on drug therapy: In this case you may try find if patients may have oral H .pylori infection.This test was specifically detected in saliva using a lateral flow immuno chromatographic test device.The device for H. pylori antigen detection in saliva was identical to the device used for oral urease detection.The HPS test for saliva employed monoclonal antibody that was developed against oral urease.

Test procedure
No food or drink was allowed one hour prior to the test.A swab was put under the tongue for at least one minute.The swab was swirled vigorously for 15 seconds in a buffer solution, then we expunged as much liquid as possible from the swab by pressing and rotating the fiber portion against the wall of the tube.Two to three drops of saliva/ buffer mixture were added into the sample well.As the test kit begins to work, one will see a purple color move across the result window in the center of the test disk.The presence of two color bands ('T' band and 'C' band) within the result window indicates a positive result.The presence of only one purple color band indicates a negative result.

Specificity
An in-house study was conducted with three separate lots of the HPS test to determine its specificity.The following common oral bacteria had been applied:

Drug Regimen is not Effective for Eliminating Oral H. pylori
Drug treatment on stomach H. pylori infection has no effective in H. pylori infection of oral cavity.H. pylori exists in between the teeth and gums called "bio-film membrane" (Bifilm), also known as plaque barrier.It is resistance when the drug into this area.This is why conventional tratmentatment for H. pylori eradication H. pylori infection, but is not efficacy of oral H. pylori in dental plaque.Miyabayashi etc. [13] found the eradication success rate was significantly lower in the oral H. pylori-positive cases (12/23, 52.1%) than in the negative cases (22/24, 91.6%) at 4 weeks after the therapy (p = 0028).Two years later, only 16 of the 23 (69.5%) oral H. pyloripositive cases were disease-free, as compared to 23 of the 24 (95.8%)oral H. pylori-negative cases (p = 018).They concluded H. pylori in the oral cavity affected the outcome of eradication therapy and was associated with a recurrence of gastric infection and recommend that oral H. pylori should be examined by nested PCR and, if positive, should be considered a causal factor in refractory or recurrent cases.
Our study show the efficacy rate of treatment on stomach H. pylori infection at 82.26% for patients received treatment of mouthwash combined with drug eradication; but only at 61.33% efficacy when patients received drug eradication on stomach.So treatment of oral cavity H. pylori raise about 20% efficacy when combined treatments of both mouth and stomach [12][13][14][15].

Non-antibiotic Formula
There is non-antibiotic treatment for oral H. pylori infection available.Our studies [3,12] indicated e-polylysine (L) and the Glycerol Monolaurate (GM) used in mouth washing solution for eliminating oral H. pylori.The L is typically produced as a homopolypeptide of approximately 25-30 L-lysine residues.The epsilon (e) refers to the linkage of the lysine molecules.In contrast to a normal peptide bond that is linked by an alpha carbon group, the lysine amino acids are molecularly linked by the epsilon amino group and the carboxyl group.L belongs to the group of cationic polymers.In water, L contains a positively charged hydrophilic amino group.It is adsorbed electro statically to the cell surface of the bacteria, followed by a stripping of the outer membrane.This eventually leads to the abnormal distribution of the cytoplasm, causing damage to the H. pylori cell.GM is the mono-ester formed from glycerol and lauric acid.H. pylori is extremely sensitive to GM, however there are no reports of L or GM killing H. pylori in vivo.Since both have had a safe record in the food industry, we use L-GM successfully eliminate H. pylori of oral cavity within 2 to 3 months.In China alone, more than 280 million people carry oral H. pylori, which results in 28 million recurrences of stomach H. pylori infection and the abuse of antibiotics by over use [16] because oral H. pylori had been missing diagnoses and recurrent stomach H. pylori infection.

Is there an Association of H. Pylori with Coronary Heart Disease?
Mehran et al. reported that H. pylori infection is one of the probable risk factors for coronary heart disease independent of history of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, C-reactive protein.
Their findings showed patients with H. pylori infection are about 3 times more at risk of coronary heart independent of disease history of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, C-reactive protein [17].Accordingly H. pylori association with some cardiovascular risk factors has been suggested and also it was shown that this bacterium induces some inflammatory cytokines.In their study, the role of these risk factors and cytokines were adjusted, therefore, the remained higher chance may be due this adjusting and reveal the independent role of H. pylori infection in atherosclerosis process.Since they found H. pylori DNA has been documented in coronary plaque [18] that is most important evidence indicated link between H. pylori and coronary disease.Of course the way of developing process of coronary disease needs further investigation.But the significant pathogenic links H. pylori to coronary artery lumen narrowing are present [19].Also eradication therapy on stomach H. pylori infection has prognosis improving effects in coronary artery disease had been reported [18].
They proposed the H. pylori infection how to developing coronary heart are as follows process; Firstly, damaging influence of H. pylori and its products like cytokines, cytotoxins on coronary endothelium; secondly, activation of immune mechanisms by this bacteria which react with the nuclei of monocytes in atherosclerotic vessel wall and cytoplasm of fibroblast-like cell in atherosclerosis plaques; thirdly, H. pylori induces releasing nitric oxide by vascular endothelium interferes with fibrinogen level which cause the reduction of the normal capacity of muscular relaxation and lead to vasoconstriction and adverse hemodynamic balance; finally, this infection elevates thromboxane which is measured as TXB that results in platelets activation [17].
Mayr et al. reported infections with virulent CagA-bearing H pylori strains may contribute to the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis by aggravating immune-inflammatory reactions [19].Again, Cag A is the most toxic strains resulting stomach cancer and commonly found in oral cavity [3].Kowalski et al. proposed the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of coronary artery [18], but it still remains unclear.how inflammatory changes in the vessel wall by H. pylori.
The prevalent condition and the exact mechanism of initiation of atherosclerotic vascular disease also remain unclear.Although the sero epidemiological and eradication studies have suggested a causal