N°

Author/Year

Country

N

Prevalence AH

Associated variables in the bivariate analysis with AH.

Associated variables in multivariate models with AH

1

Arruda, et al. [10]

Brazil

958

25.6%

High TG, male sex, high BMI, CD4 count ≥ 200 cells / ml.

2

Bernardino, et al. [34]

Spain

310

39.0%

Central obesity, ART, family history of AH, advanced age and CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/ml.

Family history of AH OR = 2.24 (p = 0.027), age increase OR = 1.08 (P < 0.001), number of different antiretroviral regimens OR = 1.2 (p = 0.001), and female gender OR = 0.27 (p = 0.02).

3

Malaza, et al. [39]

South Africa

14198

27.9%

Obesity in men OR = 2.99 95% CI (2.00-4.48), in women OR = 1.64 95% CI (1.39-1.92) and obesity (BMI > 30) for men OR = 1.53 95% CI (1.14-2.06).

4

Mateen, et al. [11]

Uganda

5563

27.9%

Black ethnicity, DM, high BMI, CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/ml, older age, and time of HIV/AIDS illness.

5

Krauskopf, et al. [14]

United States

2390

22.0%

Smoking, high cholesterol, older age, and ART based PIs

6

Nuesch, et al. [35]

Switzerland

10361

25.0%

Smoking, high total cholesterol, older age, and ART based PIs

7

De Socio, et al. [12]

Italy

1182

29.3%

Age ≥ 50 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, family history of CVD, previous cardiovascular event, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, time of HIV diagnosis (years) and time of exposure to ART.

Age ≥ 50 years OR = 1.94 95% CI (1.46-2.56); men vs. women OR = 1.63 95% CI (1.18–2.26); BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² OR = 2.52 95% CI (1.91–3.33); family history of CVD OR = 1.58 95% CI (1.18-2.12); previous cardiovascular event OR = 3.14 95% CI (1.65-5.99); central obesity OR = 1.42 95% CI (1.03-1.97); Metabolic Syndrome OR = 5.67 95% CI: (4.16-7.73); DM OR = 2.66 95% CI (1.65-4.27); time to HIV diagnosis (years) OR = 1.20 95% CI (1.05-1.36) and time to ART OR = 1.22 95% CI (1.08-1.36).

8

Hejazi, et al. [18]

Malaysia

340

45.6%

Male gender OR = 3.03 95% CI (1.18 - 7.79) and BMI OR = 1.26 95% CI (1.03 - 1.55).

9

Ogunmola, et al. [31]

Nigeria

403

19.0%

Obesity

Obesity (p < 0.05)

10

Peck, et al. [29]

Tanzania

150

28.7%

Age OR = 1.07 95% CI (1.04-1.09), current alcohol consumption OR = 0.13 95% CI (0.02-0.99), high BMI OR = 1.09 95% CI (1.03- 1.15) and CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/ml OR = 4.33 95% CI (1.51-12.40)

11

Antonello, et al. [13]

Brazil

1009

22.5%

Older age, smoking, cocaine use, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and viral load < 50 copies/ml

Age > 40 years and prevalence of HA = 1.99 95% CI (1.17 - 3.34).

12

Dimala, et al. [20]

Cameroon

200

28.5%

Advanced age, male sex, smoking, obesity, ART, and HIV infection over 30 months

Male gender OR = 2.77 95% CI (1.09 - 7.03) and obesity OR = 2.75 (1.09 - 6.91)

13

Menanga, et al.  [7]

Cameroon

53

43.2%

HDL low cholesterol and high total cholesterol.

14

Nsagha, et al. [9]

Cameroon

160

29.4%

ART and ART time.

15

Sander, et al. [15]

Uganda

426

26.3%

High BMI and CD4 between 200 to 350 cells/cc.

Age OR = 1.08 95% CI (1.04 - 1.12) and high BMI OR = 1.15 95% CI (1.05 - 1.26).

16

Rabkin, et al. [17]

South Africa

175

37.7%

Smoking, ART, high BMI and family history.

17

Dimala, et al. [28]

Cameroon

100

38.0%

Male gender and older age.

Age > 40 years OR = 2.29 (p = 0.001); male sex OR = 3.08 (p = 0.004) and obesity OR = 2.48 (p = 0.014).

18

Divala, et al. [25]

Malawi

952

23.7%

Advanced age, duration of ART greater than 24 months, overweight, obesity and proteinuria

Age between 45 - 54 OR = 4.50 95% CI (2.55 - 7.95), Age greater than 55 years OR = 7.46 95% CI (4.02 - 13.84), Obesity OR = 3, 67 95% CI (1.56 - 8.64) and proteinuria 2+ OR = 8.25 95% CI (1.25 - 54.44).

19

Okpa, et al. [22]

Nigeri

112

19.5%

Older age, overweight, obesity, and family history of AH

20

Rogalska-Płońska, et al. [38]

Poland

417

28.0%

Older age, male, BMI > 30, high LDL, fasting hyperglycemia and high TG.

Age ≥ 50 years OR = 12.8 95% CI (4.26 - 38.75), male sex OR = 1.86 95% CI (1.05 - 3.30), BMI > 30 OR = 11.34 95% CI (1.22 - 104.89) and time of HIV infection +10 years OR = 1.86 95% CI 1.14 - 3.04)

21

Ataro, et al. [21]

Ethiopia

425

12.7%

Advanced age, increased abdominal circumference, increased waist / hip ratio, hyperglycemia, ART ≥ 5 years, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol greater than 130 mg/dl, BMI ≥ 25 and drinking alcohol

Increased waist/hip ratio OR = 4.6 95% CI (1.6 - 13.3), Glycaemia ≥ 126 OR = 3.5 95% CI (1.1 - 11.4), ART ≥ 5 years OR = 2.3 95% CI (1.1 - 5.1), Cholesterol total ≥ 200 OR = 3.9 95% CI (1.3 - 1.9), current CD4 < 500 cells/cc OR = 2.7 95% CI (1.3 - 5.6) and drink alcohol OR = 3.4 95% CI (1.5 - 8.1)

22

Ngu, et al. [26]

Cameroon

311

24.8%

Central overweight and obesity.

Age > 45 years OR = 1.56 95% CI (0.89 - 2.74), Overweight OR = 1.76 95% CI (0.92 - 3.40), central obesity OR = 1.62 95% CI ( 0.82 - 3.18) and family history of AH OR = 0.64 95% CI (0.37-1.10)

23

Chireshe, et al. [24]

South Africa

600

29.9%

Older age, alcohol consumption, overweight, smoking, longer duration of ART and family history of hypertension

Participants aged 60 years and older and those who had been on ART between 5 and 10 years OR: 8.77 95% CI (3.28 - 23.47)

24

Pangmekeh, et al. [23]

Cameroon

315

36.4%

Use of ART and ART including Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz

Use of ART OR = 3.86 95% CI (1.98 - 7.50)

25

Vargas-Pacherrez, et al. [27]

Brazil

196

41.8%

Older age, overweight, increased abdominal circumference, family history of AH, AIDS-defining disease, HIV diagnosis > 12 years, > 2 ART regimens and ART based on PIs.

Age OR = 1.09 95% CI (1.04 - 1.13), overweight OR = 4.20 95% CI (1.84 - 9.61), increased abdominal circumference OR = 2.77 95% CI (1.12 - 6.89), family history of AH OR = 2.94 95% CI (1.25 - 6.89) and use of more than 2 ART regimens OR = 3.84 95% CI (1.31 - 11.30)