Table 3: Correlation of pain sites, pain severity, and pain-related disability with number of current pain treatments.
Opioid usea | Non-opioid pharmacologic useb | Non-pharmacologic usec | |
---|---|---|---|
#Pain sites | 0.31** | 0.32** | 0.24** |
Pain severity | 0.37** | 0.22* | 0.01 |
Pain-related disability | 0.51** | 0.18* | 0.14 |
aIncludes codeine, fentanyl patch, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, propoxyphene, and tramadol; bIncludes over the counter treatments (acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories); clonidine, corticosteroids, cox-2 inhibitors, gabapentin, lidocaine patch, topiramate, antidepressants, pregabalin, and herbal supplements.; cIncludes psychotherapy, counseling, relaxation therapy, behavioral therapy, group therapy, stress management, behavioral management, and biofeedback,surgeries, nerve blocks, corticosteroid injections, spinal cord stimulators, chemical sympathectomy, and radiofrequency ablation sympathectomy; *p ≤ 0.05; **p < 0.001; #Number.