Table 2: Nutrients intake levels of the
study population (N = 450).
|
|
RNI |
Controls (n = 150) |
Subclinical Atherosclerosis (n = 150) |
Clinical Atherosclerosis (n = 150) |
p |
|
Energy (Kcal) |
2550♂ 2110♀ (19-59) 2380♂ 1900♀ (60-74) 2100♂ 1810♀ (75 +) |
1864.4 ± 49.9*† |
1533.6 ± 50.8 |
1653.7 ± 49.7‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Unadjusted carbohydrate (gm) |
|
212.9 ± 5.9 |
191.5 ± 5.6 |
200.7 ± 5.3‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Energy-adjusted carbohydrate (gm) |
|
187.8 ± 2.0 |
200.2 ± 2.1‡ |
197.2 ± 2.1† |
< 0.05 |
|
% of energy from carbohydrates |
55% |
45.8 ± 0.4 |
51.2 ± 0.6*‡ |
49.7 ± 0.5† |
< 0.05 |
|
Unadjusted total fat (gm) |
|
82.3 ± 2.3*† |
63.0 ± 2.6 |
69.4 ± 2.5‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Energy-adjusted fat (gm) |
|
69.6 ± 0.9† |
65.0 ± 0.8 |
65.7 ± 0.8‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
% of energy from fat |
30% |
40.3 ± 0.5† |
36.0 ± 0.5 |
37.1 ± 0.4‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Unadjusted protein (gm) |
|
65.9 ± 2.2* |
57.3 ± 1.9 |
63.2 ± 2.0‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Energy-adjusted protein (gm) |
|
55.2 ± 0.8 |
59.3 ± 0.7* |
60.6 ± 0.6†‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
% of energy from protein |
15% |
13.9 ± 0.2 |
15.1 ± 0.2* |
15.2 ± 0.1†‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Unadjusted SFA (gm) |
|
23.9 ± 0.8*‡ |
21.1 ± 0.8 |
23.1 ± 0.8 |
< 0.05 |
|
Energy-adjusted SFA (gm) |
|
19.4 ± 0.4 |
21.3 ± 0.3* |
21.5 ± 0.4†‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
% of energy from SFA |
10% |
12.7 ± 0.2 |
13.8 ± 0.2* |
13.9 ± 0.2†‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Unadjusted MUFA (gm) |
|
25.7 ± 0.8*† |
19.8 ± 0.8 |
22.8 ± 0.9‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Energy-adjusted MUFA (gm) |
|
21.4 ± 0.3* |
20.5 ± 0.3 |
21.7 ± 0.3‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
% of energy from MUFA |
10% |
13.8 ± 0.2*‡ |
12.6 ± 0.2 |
13.4 ± 0.2 |
< 0.05 |
|
Unadjusted PUFA (gm) |
|
25.6 ± 0.7† |
15.9 ± 0.8 |
16.2 ± 0.7‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Energy-adjusted PUFA (gm) |
|
21.5 ± 0.5† |
16.1 ± 0.4‡ |
14.8 ± 0.3 |
< 0.05 |
|
% of energy from PUFA |
10% |
14.0 ± 0.3† |
9.8 ± 0.3‡ |
9.5 ± 0.2 |
< 0.05 |
|
Cholesterol (mg) |
200 |
211.4 ± 12.9*‡ |
172.1 ± 10.8 |
195.3 ± 8.9 |
< 0.05 |
|
Fiber (gm) |
18 |
18.1 ± 0.5† |
14.6 ± 0.5 |
15.4 ± 0.5‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Vitamin D (μg) |
10
(19-50 year) 15 (50 + year) |
7.6 ± 0.4 |
7.6 ± 0.4 |
7.5 ± 0.2 |
NS |
|
Vitamin E (mg) |
20 |
9.48 ± 0.3† |
6.98 ± 0.3 |
8.0 ± 0.4‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Vitamin C (mg) |
40 |
34.1 ± 1.3 |
40.6 ± 1.8* |
45.2 ± 1.6†‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Vitamin B12 (μg) |
1.5 |
1.38 ± 0.07 |
1.31 ± 0.05 |
1.12 ± 0.05 |
NS |
|
Folic acid (μg) |
200 |
268.4 ± 8.7† |
241.0 ± 7.5‡ |
228.3 ± 7.8 |
< 0.05 |
|
β-carotene (μg) |
NA |
5050.1 ± 264.9* |
5720.3 ± 307.6 |
7530.4 ± 356.5‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Calcium (mg) |
1000
(19-50yr) 1200 (50 + yr) |
780.7 ± 27.1† |
693.6 ± 24.8‡ |
685.4 ± 19.6 |
< 0.05 |
|
Selenium (μg) |
75 ♂ 60 ♀ |
40.5 ± 1.7* |
35.7 ± 1.4 |
40.96 ± 1.4‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Zinc (mg) |
9.5 ♂ 7 ♀ |
8.39 ± 0.3* |
7.33 ± 0.3 |
8.03 ± 0.3‡ |
< 0.05 |
|
Copper (μg) |
1.2 |
1.54 ± 0.1* |
1.32 ± 0.0 |
1.45 ± 0.0‡ |
< 0.05 |
Numeric data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Categorical data were compared by χ2 test; continuous variables were
compared by ANOVA test for normally distributed parameters or
Kruskall-Wallis test
for non-normally distributed parameter with Bonferroni
adjustment for multiple testing. MUFA: Monounsaturated Fatty Acid, NA: Not Available,
NS: Not Significant,
PUFA: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, RNI:
Reference Nutrient Intake, SFA: Saturated
Fatty Acid. *p < 0.05 controls vs. subclinical atherosclerosis
group,
†p < 0.05 controls vs. clinical atherosclerosis group, ‡p
< 0.05 subclinical atherosclerosis vs. clinical atherosclerosis group.