Table 1: Application of Niacin to inhibit oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.

Study	Design	Outcome measure	Main findings
Arun et al. [2]	Cross-sectional	Various parameters of LPO and membrane stability of blood storage bags were compared with and without the presence of nicotinic acid.	In the presence of nicotinic acid, the concentration of MDA was lower, while, the GSH levels were higher.
Atac et al. [21]	Experimental	The effects of combined treatment with chromium and niacin on spleen, tongue and lens tissues in terms of LPO, GSH, CAT were compared between four groups of rats.	Niacin and chromium administration to hyperlipidemic rats increased tissue GSH levels and CAT activity and decreased tissue LPO levels compared with hyperlipidemic rats.
Benavente & Jacobson [9]	Cross-sectional	The levels of GSH, GSSG and the ratio of GSH/GSSG were compared between control group and niacin restricted human keratinocytes.	In the restricted group, the levels of GSH increased, whereas, GSSG levels and the ratio of GSH/GSSG were decreased.
Cho et al. [4]	Experimental	CAT activity and MDA levels were compared in niacin-treated and the control nephrectomized rats.	Niacin supplementation decreased MDA levels, and increased CAT abundance in remnant kidney pointing to the presence of antioxidant activity of niacin.
Doger et al. [25]	Experimental	The effect of the combination of niacin and chromium(III)-chloride on heart GSH, LPO levels, serum paraoxonase (PON), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities and protein carbonyl contents(PCC) compared between four groups of one-year-old rats (fed with pellet chow, pellet chow+ lipogenic diet, lipogenic diet+ CrCl3+niacin, pellet chow+CrCl3+niacin).	The heart GSH levels increased and LPO (MDA) levels decreased significantly in rats treated with niacin compared with the hyperlipidemic groups. The activity of PON was increased where the activity of GGT and the serum levels of PCC decreased significantly.
Dou et al. [7]	Experimental	GPx and CAT activity, intracellular GSH/GSSG and total NAD contents were determined in male rats exposed to Lieber-De Carli liquid diet with or without NA supplementation. The effect of niacin on production of NADH, GSH, ROS and its effects on human aortic endothelial cells were determined.	Pretreatment with NA for 2 h prevented H2O2- induced GSH reduction and GSSG elevation, leading to almost complete recovery of GSH/GSSG ration and also increased the GPx and CAT activity. In cultured human aortic endothelial cells, niacin increased NADPH levels and GSH/GSSG ratio, and inhibited ROS production.
Ganji et al. [12]	Cross-sectional	The effect of niacin on production of NADH, GSH, ROS and its effects on determined activity.	In cultured human aortic endothelial cells, niacin increased NADPH levels and GSH/GSSG ratio, and inhibited ROS production.
Ghazi et al. [22]	Experimental	The effect of combination of niacin and captopril on oxidative stress in isolated perfused rat lung.	This treatment increased GSH and decreased LPO in the lung of rats.
Perumal et al. [14]	Experimental	Therapeutic efficacy of combination of niacin, riboflavin and coenzyme Q10 on mammary carcinoma bearing rats in terms of the mitochondrial LPO and antioxidants was investigated.	Administration of combinatorial therapy showed significant reduction in MDA levels and SOD, CAT and GPx activity and GSH levels restored to near the normal level.
Tang et al. [16]	Experimental	The effect of dietary niacin deficiency were examined on protein and DNA oxidation in bone marrow cells of Long-Evans rats.	There was no significant effect of niacin deficiency on total GSH levels in total or nucleated bone marrow population. Increased oxidant damage to DNA and protein occurs in niacin deficient bone marrow but is not a result of decreased NADPH or GSH level
Tupe et al. [20]	Experimental	The effect of dietary nicotinic acid supplementation on hepatic zinc uptake and oxidative stress in rats in 3 weeks treatment.	In comparison with normal control, dietary nicotinic acid supplementation increases the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, glutathione and Zn, whereas, LPO values were lower for the intervention group.
Varella et al. [23]	Case-control	The effect of niacin supplementation was determined on intestinal permeability and oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic pellagra.	The plasma concentrations of vitamin E and GSH-Px activity were below normal values in the patients before treatment (Phase 1) and their increase after niacin treatment can be attributed to the ingestion of a balanced diet and to abstinence from alcohol during the period of hospitalization. MDA levels were also decreased.
Yuvaraja et al. [11]	Clinical trial	The effect of combined modality of Co Q10, riboflavin and niacin with tamoxifen as an antioxidant on preventing breast cancer.	Plasma SOD level were unaffected by treatment showing that niacin may have antioxidant potential via inhibiting lipolysis and decreasing LPO.