Table 1: Bivariate associations between Lifestyle Behaviors and Diabetes Status.
| Lifestyle Behaviors | (n) | Diabetes Status n (%) | P Trend | ||
|
Nondiabetes (n = 1436) |
Prediabetes (n = 1905) |
Diabetes (n = 715) |
|||
| bAlcohol Consumption | 4052 | < 0.0001 | |||
| No | 428 (25.2) | 670 (30.3) | 375 (48.1) | ||
| Yes | 1008 (74.8) | 1232 (69.7) | 339 (51.9) | ||
| cSleep Adequacy | 4054 | 0.0003 | |||
| No | 513 (31.7) | 746 (36.6) | 307 (45.3) | ||
| Yes | 923 (68.3) | 1158 (63.4) | 407 (54.7) | ||
| dOn a special Diet | 4055 | < 0.0001 | |||
| No | 1290 (89.4) | 1686 (88.3) | 524 (72.6) | ||
| Yes | 146 (10.6) | 219 (11.7) | 190 (27.4) | ||
| eSupplement Intake | 4055 | 0.0482 | |||
| No | 762 (50.8) | 920 (45.8) | 344 (44.4) | ||
| Yes | 673 (49.2) | 985 (54.2) | 371 (55.6) | ||
| fSmoking Status | 4056 | 0.0004 | |||
| No | 876 (60.6) | 1008 (52.9) | 353 (49.5) | ||
| Yes | 560 (39.4) | 897 (47.1) | 362 (50.5) | ||
| gPhysical Activity | 4056 | < 0.0001 | |||
| No | 654 (38.6) | 1020 (47.2) | 489 (63.9) | ||
| Yes | 782 (61.4) | 885 (52.8) | 226 (36.1) | ||
| hLifestyle Behaviors Score | 4056 | 0.066 | |||
| 0 | 50 (3.0) | 85 (4.4) | 24 (3.9) | ||
| 1 | 194 (11.8) | 295 (13.9) | 108 (16.2) | ||
| 2 | 374 (24.7) | 510 (25.8) | 196 (24.6) | ||
| 3 | 458 (33.8) | 564 (29.8) | 191 (27.1) | ||
| 4 | 294 (21.6) | 348 (20.4) | 139 (18.3) | ||
| 5 | 60 (4.7) | 92 (5.0) | 49 (8.3) | ||
| 6 | 6 (0.5) | 11 (0.6) | 8 (1.6) | ||
Values are proportions n (%) for categorical variables by diabetes status. Statistical differences were assessed using design-based Rao-Scott F adjusted X2 statistic. Bolded values are significantly different p < 0.01.
aDiabetes status was defined from self-report of participants in the diabetes questionnaire and from the laboratory biomarkers using the cut-offs based on the 2017 Standards of Medical Care from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for diabetes diagnosis.
bAlcohol consumption was dichotomized to "Yes" to reporting any amount of alcoholic drinks consumed (including moderate and heavy drinking) and "No" to reporting zero alcohol intake.
cSleep Adequacy was based on self-reported number of hours of sleep at night on weekdays/workdays and was dichotomized to "Yes" to reporting sleep 7 or more hours at night, and "No" to reporting sleep less than 7 hours at night.
dOn a special diet was based on self-report to following any type of special diet for health-related reason (i.e., weight loss, Diabetic, low fat, low sodium).
eSupplement intake was based on self-reported use of dietary supplements and medications during the past month (30 days).
fSmoking status was based on individuals' self-report to whether they had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life and whether they now smoke cigarettes. Smoking status was originally categorized as current, former, and nonsmokers. In the analysis, current and former smokers were combined as "Yes" as a category and were contrasted with nonsmokers as "no" in another category.
gPhysical Activity guidelines were defined for participants meeting (≥ 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) or not meeting MVPA based on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Response "Yes" included a combination of insufficient and sufficient physical activity. Response "No" included no physical activity.
hLifestyle Behaviors score was calculated as the sum of participants' responses to the six selected individual lifestyle behaviors: Self-reported alcohol consumption, sleep adequacy, on a special diet, supplement intake, smoking status, and physical activity. Individuals received 1 point for being categorized as "yes" for each positive lifestyle behavior, except for smoking and alcohol consumption (reverse-scored). Individuals received 1 point for being categorized as "no" for alcohol consumption and smoking status (Maximum score = 6 points).