Bivariate associations between Lifestyle Behaviors and Dietary Quality in U.S. adults (Age ≥ 20).

Table 2: Bivariate associations between Lifestyle Behaviors and Dietary Quality in U.S. adults (Age ≥ 20).

Values are least square means ± standard error of the mean.

^aBonferroni correction (< 0.05/6 lifestyle behaviors), P < 0.008.

^bLifestyle Behaviors score was calculated as the sum of participants' responses to the six selected individual lifestyle behaviors: Self-reported alcohol consumption, sleep adequacy, on a special diet, supplement intake, smoking status, and physical activity. Individuals received 1 point for being categorized as "yes" for each positive lifestyle behavior, except for smoking and alcohol consumption (reverse-scored). Individuals received 1 point for being categorized as "no" for alcohol consumption and smoking status (Maximum score = 6 points). Non-alcohol consumers and nonsmokers each receive 1 point. Lifestyle behaviors score was dichotomized as "low" (0-2 pts) and "high" (3-6 pts).

Abbreviations: LSM: Least Square Means; SE: Standard Error; HEI-2010: Healthy Eating Index-2010; AHEI-2010: Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010.

Lifestyle Behaviors	Dietary Quality
Alcohol Consumption	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4093)		^aP-value	Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4078)		^aP-value
	No	Yes		No	Yes
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	48.2 ± 0.5	46.9 ± 0.5	0.069	38.1 ± 0.5	38.3 ± 0.5	0.73
Sleep Adequacy	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4095)			Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4080)
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	45.8 ± 0.5	48.2 ± 0.5	0.0007	37.0 ± 0.5	38.9 ± 0.4	0.0037
On a Special Diet	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4096)			Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4081)
	No	Yes		No	Yes
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	46.6 ± 0.5	51.8 ± 0.7	< 0.0001	37.8 ± 0.4	40.8 ± 0.7	< 0.0001
Supplement Intake	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4096)			Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4081)
	No	Yes		No	Yes
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	44.7 ± 0.3	49.8 ± 0.6	< 0.0001	35.5 ± 0.4	40.8 ± 0.5	< 0.0001
Smoking Status	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4097)			Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4082)
	No	Yes		No	Yes
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	48.6 ± 0.5	45.7 ± 0.6	< 0.0001	39.2 ± 0.5	37.0 ± 0.6	0.0040
Physical Activity	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4097)			Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4082)
	No	Yes		No	Yes
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	45.3 ± 0.4	49.0 ± 0.6	< 0.0001	36.6 ± 0.4	39.6 ± 0.6	< 0.0001
^bLifestyle Behaviors Score	Total HEI-2010 score (n = 4097)			Total AHEI-2010 score (n = 4082)
	No	Yes		No	Yes
	LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE		LSM ± SE	LSM ± SE
	44.1 ± 0.5	49.7 ± 0.5	< 0.0001	35.6 ± 0.5	40.2 ± 0.5	< 0.0001