Association between Individual Lifestyle Behaviors and Total HEI-2010 score by Diabetes Status.

Table 3: Association between Individual Lifestyle Behaviors and Total HEI-2010 score by Diabetes Status.

Nondiabetes (n = 1435)
R²	Main Predictors	β-Coefficient	SE	95% C.I.	P-value
0.171
	Alcohol Consumption	-0.48	0.81	[-2.13, 1.17]	0.56
	Sleep Adequacy	0.92	0.92	[-0.95, 2.79]	0.32
	On a Special Diet	4.44	1.27	[1.85, 7.04]	0.002
	Supplement Intake	0.96	1.06	[-1.19, 3.12]	0.37
	^eSmoking Status	-2.12	1.15	[-4.45, 0.21]	0.074
	^fPhysical Activity	2.80	0.94	[0.87, 4.72]	0.006
Prediabetes (n = 1897)
R²	Main Predictors	β-Coefficient	SE	95% C.I.	P-value
0.163
	Alcohol Consumption	0.39	0.99	[-1.64, 2.42]	0.70
	Sleep Adequacy	1.68	0.95	[-0.25, 3.61]	0.08
	On a Special Diet	3.48	1.51	[0.41, 6.55]	0.028
	Supplement Intake	1.39	0.85	[-0.33, 3.12]	0.11
	Smoking Status	-2.45	0.85	[-4.18, -0.73]	0.007
	Physical Activity	3.61	0.88	[1.82, 5.40]	0.0003
Diabetes (n = 710)
R²	Main Predictors	β-Coefficient	SE	95% C.I.	P-value
0.142
	Alcohol Consumption	-2.27	0.88	[-4.06, -0.49]	0.014
	Sleep Adequacy	0.93	0.96	[-1.04, 2.89]	0.34
	On a Special Diet	5.08	1.42	[2.18, 7.98]	0.001
	Supplement Intake	4.25	1.32	[1.55, 6.94]	0.003
	Smoking Status	1.71	1.16	[-0.65, 4.07]	0.15
	Physical Activity	0.99	1.60	[-2.28, 4.26]	0.54

Multivariable linear regression model was computed for individual lifestyle behaviors and stratified by diabetes status. Adjusted for age (continuous), sex (men/women), ethnicity (Mexican American, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic black, other), education (less than high school, high school, some college education, college graduate or above), self-reported health (excellent/very good, good, fair/poor) and BMI (continuous). Ethnicity was included as a nominal class variable. BMI was log-transformed for normality.

Abbreviations: HEI-2010, Healthy Eating Index-2010; SE: Standard Error; CI: Confidence Interval.