Table 3: Summary of findings for positive, negative, or no association in studies.
|
|
|
|
|
Mediterranean diet [17,18] |
|
|
|
|
Schwingshackl [17] |
High adherence significantly reduced CRC risk (RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.75, 0.88) |
|
|
Jones [18] |
18% reduced risk in women with strict adherence (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78, 0.99) |
|
LCHF |
|
|
|
|
--- |
No studies were identified |
|
Red meats [17-23] |
|
|
|
|
Schwingshackl [17] |
No significant association |
|
|
Jones [18] |
No significant association |
|
|
Vieira [19] |
100 g/d of red meat was weakly associated with CRC (RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.00, 1.25) and significantly associated with colon cancer (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06, 1.39) |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
Increased risk of CRC with red meat (RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.06, 1.19) |
|
|
Bernstein [21] |
Processed red meat was positively associated with CRC risk (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.69, p = 0.006) Unprocessed red meat was inversely associated with distal colon cancer (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.68-0.82, p < 0.001) |
|
|
Carr [22] |
Beef increased CRC risk (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.01,1.22) while pork had no association (RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.90, 1.27). |
|
|
Vulcan [23] |
Pork incidence increased the incidence of colorectal cancer (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09, 1.78, p = 0.023) and beef increased the risk of rectal cancer in men (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02, 3.25, p = 0.028) An inverse CRC risk was noted in women (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45, 0.95, p 0.046) and high intake of beef was inversely associated with colon cancer (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44, 0.82, p = 0.0009) |
|
Poultry [18,19,22,23] |
|
|
|
|
Jones [18] |
No significant association |
|
|
Vieira [19] |
No significant association |
|
|
Carr [22] |
No association with CRC (RR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.88, 1.04) but an inverse association with rectal cancer (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.80, 0.98) |
|
|
Vulcan [23] |
No significant association |
|
Seafood [17,19,20,23,24] |
|
|
|
|
Schwingshackl [17] |
Inverse association and protective factor |
|
|
Vieira [19] |
Decreased CRC risk by 11% with 100 g/day (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.80, 0.99). |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
Inverse association at 100 g/day (RR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.90, 1.01). |
|
|
Vulcan [23] |
Inverse association with rectal cancer (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38, 0.92, p = 0.025) |
|
|
Xiao-Feng [24] |
Reduced risk of CRC (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87, 0.99, P < 0.01) |
|
Fruits [19,20,25-28] |
|
|
|
|
Vieira [19] |
No significant association |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
Inverse association (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 0.99) |
|
|
Ben [25] |
Significant reduction in CRA risk at 100 g/day (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.92, 0.97) |
|
|
Bradbury [26] |
No statistical association was found in combining fruit and vegetables at 100 g/day increase (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.93, 1.01) |
|
|
Zamora-Ros [27] |
No statistical significance in total flavonoid intake (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.93, 1.18, p = 0.58) or flavonoid subclasses |
|
|
Shivappa [28] |
Comparing high vs. low DII showed a 40% increase in CRC risk (RR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.26, 1.55, p < 0.001) |
|
Vegetables [19,20,25,26,29] |
|
|
|
|
Vieira[19] |
Inverse association with CRC risk (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-0.99) |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
Inverse association with CRC risk (RR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.98). |
|
|
Ben [25] |
No association with CRA |
|
|
Bradbury [26] |
No statistical association when increasing fruit and vegetables 100 g/day (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.93, 1.01) |
|
|
Wu [29] |
Inverse association between cruciferous vegetables and CRC risk (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75, 0.90) |
|
Whole grains [19,20,30] |
|
|
|
|
Vieira[19] |
Decrease in CRC risk with 90 g/d (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.79, 0.89) |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
Decrease in CRC risk with 30 g/d (RR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.93, 0.97). |
|
|
Reynolds[30] |
Association for every 15 g more per day (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 0.99) |
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Fiber [26,28,30,31] |
|
|
|
|
Bradbury [26] |
Significant inverse associations with total fiber intake (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.72, 0.96, p = 0.013) and cereal fiber (RR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 0.99, p = 0.003) |
|
|
Shivappa [28] |
Each 1-point increase in the DII score led to an increased risk of CRC of 7% (RR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04, 1.10, p < 0.00001). |
|
|
Reynolds [30] |
Inverse association with total fiber for every 8g more per day (RR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.89, 0.95) |
|
|
Ma [31] |
Inverse association in proximal colon cancer (RR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.78, 0.95) and distal colon cancer (RR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.71, 0.87) |
|
Dairy [19,20,32] |
|
|
|
|
Vieira [19] |
Decreased CRC risk at 400 g/d (RR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.83, 0.90). Decreased CRC risk at milk intake of 200 g/day (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.96) No association with cheese intake |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
Inverse association at 200 g/d (RR 0.93, 95%CI 0.91, 0.94) |
|
|
Barrubés [32] |
Inverse association at 200 g/d (RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.88, 0.96, p < 0.001) Inverse association with milk intake at 200 g/day (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.86, 0.99, p < 0.001). Significant inverse association with 30 g of cheese per day (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88, 0.99, p = 0.006) |
|
Fats [27,28,33] |
|
|
|
|
Zamora-Ros [27] |
No significant association |
|
|
Shivappa [28] |
40% increased CRC risk in high vs. low DII scores (RR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.26, 1.55, p < 0.001) |
|
|
Kim and Park [33] |
No significant association with total fat (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.90, 1.12), saturated fat (RR = 0.97, 95%CI 0.86, 1.10), monounsaturated fat (RR = 1.08, 95%CI 0.92, 1.26), and polyunsaturated fats (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93, 1.04) |
|
Legumes [19,20] |
|
|
|
|
Vieira [19] |
No significant association |
|
|
Schwingshackl, et al. [20] |
No significant association |