Table 4: Unadjusted, age- and multivariate adjusted
associations of kyphosis measures with PSQI sleep components by sex; results of
linear and logistic regression analysis
|
Flexicurve |
|
|
Women (n = 255) |
Men (n = 213) |
Sleep measures |
βb (95%
CI) |
βb (95%
CI) |
Sleep duration (hours) |
|
|
Unadjusted |
-0.16 (-0.28, -0.04) |
0.11 (-0.02, 0.25) |
Age-adjusted |
-0.18 (-0.31, -0.06) |
0.09 (-0.04, 0.23) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
-0.18 (-0.31, -0.06) |
0.09 (-0.04, 0.24) |
Sleep efficiency (%) |
|
|
Unadjusted |
0.91 (0.69, 1.21) |
1.17 (0.86, 1.60) |
Age-adjusted |
0.98 (0.73, 1.30) |
1.19 (0.87, 1.63) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
0.92 (0.69, 1.24) |
1.19 (0.86, 1.65) |
Sleep onset latency (minutes) |
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.33 (1.00, 1.77) |
-0.04 (-0.02, 0.01) |
Age-adjusted |
1.25 (0.94, 1.66) |
-0.05 (-0.02, 0.01) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
1.26 (0.95, 1.68) |
-0.06 (-0.03, 0.01) |
|
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
Sleep duration (≤ 7 hours)
c |
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.10 (1.02, 1.19) |
0.93 (0.84, 1.04) |
Age-adjusted |
1.11 (1.02, 1.20) |
0.94 (0.85, 1.05) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
1.11 (1.02, 1.22) |
0.94 (0.84, 1.06) |
Sleep efficiency (≤ 85%) c |
|
|
Unadjusted |
0.95 (0.87, 1.03) |
1.04 (0.93, 1.17) |
Age-adjusted |
0.97 (0.89, 1.05) |
1.05 (0.94, 1.18) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
0.96 (0.88, 1.05) |
1.06 (0.94, 1.19) |
Sleep onset latency (> 30 minutes) c |
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.08 (0.96, 1.20) |
0.94 (0.79, 1.12) |
Age-adjusted |
1.04 (0.93, 1.17) |
0.94 (0.79, 1.12) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
1.06 (0.93, 1.20) |
0.89 (0.74, 1.08) |
Self-reported sleep
quality (poor) c |
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.11 (0.98, 1.25) |
0.86 (0.70, 1.05) |
Age-adjusted |
1.11 (0.98, 1.26) |
0.86 (0.69, 1.05) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
1.09 (0.95, 1.24) |
0.87 (0.70, 1.07) |
Sleep disturbance (frequent) c |
|
|
Unadjusted |
0.97 (0.89, 1.06) |
1.04 (0.90, 1.21) |
Age-adjusted |
0.98 (0.89, 1.07) |
1.04 (0.90, 1.21) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
1.03 (0.88, 1.21) |
Sleep medications (frequent) c |
|
|
Unadjusted |
1.12 (1.03, 1.23) |
0.96 (0.85, 1.09) |
Age-adjusted |
1.11 (1.01, 1.22) |
0.96 (0.85, 1.09) |
Multivariate adjusted a |
1.14 (1.03, 1.25) |
0.95 (0.82, 1.09) |
Abbreviations: PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index; Good sleep quality (PSQI ≤ 5) and Poor sleep quality (PSQI
> 5) are based on the PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (range 0-18)
§ p <0.05
a Multivariate
adjusted: age, marital status, height, general health, calcium supplement use,
exercise, arthritis, depression and
estrogen (for women)
b Standardized
β-coefficient
c Recommended sleep
duration (> 7 hours); good sleep efficiency (> 85%); good sleep onset
latency (≤ 30 minutes);
Frequent sleep disturbance (more than once a
week); frequent sleep medication use (more than once a week)