Table 2: Women’s sleep disturbances during pregnancy by group
of depression.
|
Sleep
disturbances |
Control
group |
MDD
group |
|
Insomniaᵃ Difficulties in falling asleepᵃ* |
16 (8.8) 78 (43.0) |
4 (11.7) 21 (61.7)* |
|
Nocturnal awakeningᵃ |
|
|
|
First
trimester* Second
trimester |
25 (13.6) 68 (37.1) |
10 (29.4)* 15 (44.1) |
|
Third
trimester |
131 (71.7) |
27 (79.4) |
|
Early morning awakeningᵃ |
|
|
|
First
trimester |
7 (3.9) |
2 (5.8) |
|
Second
trimester* |
18 (9.8) |
8 (23.5)* |
|
Third
trimester* |
63 (34.4) |
20 (58.8)* |
|
Nightmaresᵃ* |
45 (24.7) |
14 (41.1)* |
|
Pain during sleepᵃ |
|
|
|
First
trimester |
8 (4.4) |
3 (8.8) |
|
Second
trimester* |
20 (10.9) |
9 (27)* |
|
Third
trimester |
63 (34.5) |
17 (50) |
|
Snoringᵃ |
51 (27.8) |
11 (32.3) |
|
Apneaᵃ |
3 (1.6) |
2 (5.8) |
|
Need for napsᵃ |
135 (73.8) |
29 (85.3) |
|
Restless legs syndromeᵃ |
54 (29.5) |
13 (38.2) |
|
Daytime sleepinessᵃ |
122 (66.7) |
27 (79.4) |
|
Morning sleepinessᵃ |
|
|
|
First
trimester* |
24 (13.1) |
9 (26.5)* |
|
Second
trimester* |
22 (12,0) |
9 (26.5)* |
|
Third
trimester |
67 (36.6) |
18 (52.9) |
|
Sleep deprivationᵃ |
|
|
|
First
trimester* |
16 (8.7) |
8 (23.5)* |
|
Second
trimester |
32 (17.5) |
11 (32.2) |
|
Third
trimester |
70 (38.2) |
17 (50) |
|
Sleep duration per nightb |
|
|
|
First
trimester |
8.0 ± 1.3 |
7.7 ± 1.8 |
|
Second
trimester* |
7.8 ± 1.3 |
7.0 ± 1.7* |
ᵃData are presented as number of subjects (%)
ᵇData are presented as mean ± SD
*P
< 0.05 significantly different from the control group