Table 1: Summary of risks [2-7].
| Obstetric | Miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labour, premature rupture of membranes, death |
| Haematological | Bleeding, venous thromboembolism |
| Urological | Urinary incontinence, sepsis, urine retention, ureteric obstruction, renal failure |
| Gastrointestinal | Constipation, bowel obstruction and necrosis |
| Fetal | Intrauterine growth restriction, oligohydramnios, malpresentation |
| Associated with manual replacement | Preterm labour, abruption, uterine rupture, emergency caesarean section, hysterectomy |