Sample adulteration and synthetic or fake urines are challenges laboratories need to address when testing for Drugs of Abuse. Creatinine, pH, Specific Gravity (SG) assays are commonly tested for sample validity, but these assays are not sufficient to address sample adulteration and synthetic urines. Sample Check and Oxidant assays were evaluated in a study to examine which assay would add more value to sample validity testing. We analysed 612 urine samples using creatinine assay, Sample Check as...

Self-efficacy to resist alcohol use is necessary to prevent relapse after treatment. However, the duration of patients stay in treatment and social anxiety are crucial in treatment outcomes of patients but its predictive role in selfefficacy to resist alcohol in the Ghanaian context is yet to be known. Sixty participants obtained through purposive sampling participated in the study. These participants were patients with an established diagnosis for alcohol use disorder within the three main publ...