TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in tumor cells, while sparing normal cells. However, TRAIL is also able to induce proliferation in cells that are resistant to cell death induction, since it can also activate NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) transfected with TRAIL have been used to treat cancer, with promising results in pre-clinical models, especially in gliomas. Regarding endogenous TRAIL expres...