New medications to treat cognitive disorders may improve cognition in healthy individuals. However, limited studies were conducted on its efficacy among individuals without cognitive deficiencies. Thus, this case study aimed to explore the effects of using a cognitive enhancement drug (Coluracetam) on visual perception, abstract reasoning, pattern recognition, spatial orientation, and analytical thinking in a healthy adult male for three months....

Diglossia in Arabic refers to the existence of two distinct varieties: Spoken Arabic (SA), which is used orally in daily communication, and literary Arabic (LA), used in reading, writing, and for formal functions. Similarly, bilinguals often use different languages (L1, L2) for different purposes, so the question presents itself: Is Arabic diglossia a type of bilingualism? Because behavioral and fMRI studies provide contradictory answers, the current paper develops a cognitive account grounded i...