According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 45 million people worldwide suffer from mental health disorders. Mental health disorders encompass the concept of mood and affect. Bipolar disorder is one exemplar of the mood and affect concept. According to the WHO, bipolar disorder consists of both manic and depressive episodes occurring between periods of a healthy mood. During manic episodes, patients may have elevated or irritable mood, hyperactivity, fast speech, delusions of grande...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is common in critical care and can happen within 48-72 hours in intubated ventilated patients. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a condition of high rates of morbidity, mortality, length of stay and hospital costs for ventilated patients. The prevention of (VAP), known as a hospital-acquired infection, is a major clinical challenge such that critical care nurses need to understand the risk factors for developing VAP. And also, nurses are the best position t...